Access to green spaces and nature is widely recognised for its positive impact on physical, psychological, and spiritual wellbeing. However, research on the benefits of being in nature has predominantly focused on affluent countries in the global North, leaving a gap in understanding the benefits in developing countries. This disparity is reflected in development and urban planning approaches, which often prioritise basic needs over access to green spaces.
In South Africa, the legacy of apartheid has resulted in significant inequalities in access to nature and green spaces, creating what is known as ‘green apartheid’.
Over the past decade, research has examined the relationship between isiXhosa-speaking people in urban and rural settings in South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province and their natural environment. The study broadly defined ‘nature’, encompassing everything from dense natural forests in rural areas to patches of bush and communal grazing land around towns and villages.
While urban and rural development in South Africa must prioritise employment, housing, water, and sanitation, the research underscores the importance of access to nature for people’s wellbeing. Growing evidence suggests that access to green space has the most significant benefits for the lowest socioeconomic groups. A comprehensive survey was conducted to validate the qualitative findings, involving nearly 700 rural and urban residents in the Eastern Cape.
Religion and spirituality emerged as strong aspects of the participants’ lives. Three-quarters of the respondents practised Christian and African indigenous religions, including recognising ancestral spirits. Only a small percentage (1 percent) did not belong to a church or hold African indigenous religious beliefs. Rituals, including male initiations that require time spent in natural settings and the use of natural products, played a significant role in respondents’ lives. Access to nature, therefore, ensured that spirituality remained an integral part of their daily reality and vice versa.
When asked to recall the happiest periods of their lives, respondents often mentioned childhood or youth, particularly associated with rural life and being in nature. Fond memories included engaging in stick fighting and traditional parties, finding safe spaces for teenage courtship in nature, and swimming in rivers and dams.
