Indian Railways has achieved a significant milestone in its commitment to cleanliness and sustainability by equipping all passenger-carrying mainline coaches with bio-toilets. This initiative, part of the government’s broader Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, marks a transformative shift towards eco-friendly sanitation solutions on the nation’s rail network. The bio-toilet system, developed in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), employs anaerobic bacteria to decompose human waste into water, methane, and carbon dioxide. This process not only eliminates the direct discharge of waste onto railway tracks but also significantly reduces corrosion and maintenance costs associated with track infrastructure. The implementation of this system has led to a 90% reduction in the presence of human excreta on tracks, enhancing both hygiene and safety.
Between 2014 and 2025, the number of coaches equipped with bio-toilets surged from 9,587 to over 3,33,000, reflecting a more than 34-fold increase. This rapid expansion underscores the Indian Railways’ commitment to modernising its facilities and promoting environmental sustainability. The initiative has also contributed to improved passenger experience by eliminating unpleasant odours and reducing the risk of track-related accidents. To complement the installation of bio-toilets, the Railways has launched extensive awareness campaigns under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. These campaigns aim to educate passengers about the proper use of bio-toilets and the importance of maintaining cleanliness within train coaches. Educational materials and announcements are disseminated through various channels to ensure widespread understanding and participation.
While the bio-toilet system has been largely successful, challenges remain, particularly concerning the disposal of non-biodegradable materials. Instances of clogging due to improper waste disposal have prompted the Railways to explore alternative technologies. In response, vacuum toilets, which consume significantly less water and are less prone to clogging, are being introduced in select premium trains. These toilets are designed to further enhance sanitation standards and operational efficiency. Mumbai’s role in this initiative has been pivotal, with the city serving as a key hub for the deployment and testing of these advanced sanitation technologies.
The success of the bio-toilet programme in Mumbai has set a benchmark for other regions, demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of implementing sustainable sanitation solutions on a large scale. As Indian Railways continues to innovate and invest in eco-friendly technologies, the bio-toilet initiative stands as a testament to the nation’s dedication to creating cleaner, greener, and more sustainable urban environments. This endeavour not only improves the quality of travel but also contributes to the broader goal of building equitable and environmentally responsible cities.
Also Read :Nagpur‑Pune Vande Bharat Sleeper Express to Launch Soon
