Delhi, once a city where air pollution was a daily concern, now finds itself at a crossroads.
Over the past few decades, the city’s deteriorating air quality has inadvertently shielded it from the worst impacts of global warming. However, as air quality improves due to stringent policies, this protective barrier is diminishing, exposing Delhi to the full brunt of climate change. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, encompassing Delhi, has experienced a slower rate of warming compared to the global average. This anomaly is attributed to the high concentration of aerosols—tiny particles from vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and crop burning. These aerosols reflect sunlight, creating a temporary cooling effect. In Delhi, this has offset global warming by up to 0.4°C, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Simultaneously, extensive irrigation practices in regions like Delhi have contributed to evaporative cooling. The increased moisture in the air from irrigation has further mitigated temperature rises. Without these interventions, South Asia would have experienced significantly more extreme heat days. However, these temporary cooling effects are unsustainable. Delhi’s air quality has improved under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), and groundwater levels are depleting, threatening irrigation practices. As these factors decline, the masking effect diminishes, and the true extent of global warming becomes apparent. A Harvard study warns that cleaner air could lead to a sudden spike in temperatures, accelerating climate risks.
The implications are dire. In 2024, parts of Delhi experienced temperatures exceeding 44°C even before peak summer. With over 40% of the global population facing strong or extreme heat stress now residing in South Asia, the urgency for climate adaptation is paramount. Despite these challenges, Delhi has initiated several measures to combat climate change. The implementation of heat action plans in cities like Ahmedabad and Surat serves as a model. Increasing tree cover, promoting green roofs, and using reflective building materials are strategies to adapt to the new heat reality. However, many cities still lag in ensuring water access, shade, and green cover. The situation in Delhi underscores a broader regional issue. The Indo-Gangetic Plain, home to over 500 million people, is one of the most polluted regions globally. While pollution has masked some warming effects, it has also led to severe health issues and environmental degradation. As air quality improves, the region faces the dual challenge of addressing past pollution and preparing for future climate impacts.
In conclusion, Delhi’s experience highlights the complex interplay between pollution, climate change, and public health. While improvements in air quality are essential, they must be accompanied by comprehensive climate adaptation strategies to safeguard the city’s future.
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